The rate of acute complications from device implantation is acceptable and ranges from 3% to 7%, depending on the patient group. In the era of massive anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy bleeding complications are not uncommon, either.
Another group of complications comprises infections: from the pacemaker pocket to bacterial endocarditis with its origin on leads or the tricuspid valve, failure of leads to pace and/or sense appropriately, erosion of the pacemaker site or its leads, and thrombotic events with the most frequently observed subclavian vein thrombosis. The most frequent include pneumothorax myocardial perforation lead malposition, displacement or fracture due to excessive manipulation of the device by the patient (Twiddler's syndrome). Despite their potential lifesaving properties, both pacemakers and ICDs are associated with a number of complications.
Implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICDs) are particularly beneficial for selected groups of patients with a history of severe ventricular arrhythmias or at a high risk of sudden cardiac death. Cardiac pacing is a proven therapy of cardiac conduction disturbances and an effective treatment modality in many cardiac arrhythmias.
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